The Potteries Bottle Oven

At their peak, in the 1930s, about 2100 of these towering and complex buildings dominated the skyline of Stoke-on-Trent. Today (2025) only 47 remain complete with their bottle-shaped chimney. There are 3 more in a collapsed state. In 1963 it became illegal to fire them with coal - the Clean Air Act of July 1958 made a 'provision for abating the pollution of the air.' Pottery manufacturers were given 7 years to completely change their firing methods to use smokeless fuels.


Huge, towering and complex brick-built bottle ovens and kilns, integral to a potbank and an essential tool in pottery manufacture, were once the dominant feature of the Potteries landscape.

Bottle ovens landscape, in art
"Seven Sisters"
 J & G Meakin Ltd., Eastwood Works, Lichfield Street, Hanley.
Terry Woolliscroft Collection



Bottle ovens and kilns facts. At their peak, in the 1930s, around 2,150 existed in the city of Stoke-on-Trent. Most of the potters' bottle ovens were fired once a week, some twice. At each firing a minimum of 10 tons of coal was burnt in each oven. Some very large ovens, with up to 14 firemouths, used over 30 tons per firing. Each firing could last over 72 hours, sometimes longer in difficult conditions. 

Bottle Ovens 1954
 46 seconds from the film called 'The Peak District'


Thick, black, choking smoke always filled the air. 
Sooty smuts clung to everything.




But a change, initiated in the first quarter of the 20th century, was gaining momentum as manufacturers searched for more efficient and cleaner ways to fire their products.  Town gas, oil and electricity were taken on to fuel the innovative intermittent and continuous-firing tunnel kilns. The use of coal fired bottle ovens and kilns began to decline.

The Clean Air Act of 1956  finally put a stop to their use and sealed the fate of the traditional coal-fired oven. Pottery manufacturers were forced to change but were allowed seven years to fully adapt to the alternative methods and fuels.

By 1960 there were fewer than 200 operable coal-fired bottle ovens.

By July 1963 all bottle ovens and kilns were redundant, although just a few were used (illegally) after the deadline. The skills of the people who used them were redundant too. Their skills faded away. The rush to demolish, encouraged by the local council, began in earnest.

In 2023 47 precious examples remain standing complete with their bottle-shaped chimney. An additional three examples are mere remnants and have lost their chimney. 

Of these only 30 are potters' ovens, used for biscuit or glost firing. 18  of these are within a very short walk of Gladstone Pottery Museum in Longton, the southernmost of Stoke-on-Trent's six towns. 

Interestingly, throughout the whole of the UK, fewer than 100 pottery oven and kiln structures remain. More details here>